前置知识: Java

Kotlin 类与对象

2 minIntermediate2026/6/14

类定义、构造函数、继承、接口、数据类、密封类、枚举与伴生对象。

1. 类定义

1.1 基本类

class Person {
    var name: String = ""
    var age: Int = 0

    fun introduce() {
        println("Hi, I'm $name, $age years old.")
    }
}

// 使用
val person = Person()
person.name = "Alice"
person.age = 25
person.introduce()

1.2 属性与字段

class User {
    // 可变属性
    var name: String = "Unknown"
        get() = field.uppercase()       // 自定义 getter
        set(value) { field = value.trim() }  // 自定义 setter

    // 只读属性
    val createdAt: Long = System.currentTimeMillis()

    // 编译期常量
    companion object {
        const val MAX_AGE = 150
    }
}

Kotlin 属性背后使用幕后字段（backing field），通过 field 关键字访问：

class Temperature {
    var celsius: Double = 0.0
        set(value) {
            field = value
            // field 就是幕后字段，避免递归调用 setter
        }

    val fahrenheit: Double
        get() = celsius * 9 / 5 + 32
}

1.3 延迟初始化属性

class Service {
    lateinit var repository: Repository

    fun init() {
        repository = Repository()
    }

    fun process() {
        if (::repository.isInitialized) {
            repository.query()
        }
    }
}

2. 构造函数

2.1 主构造函数

// 主构造函数在类头部声明
class Person(val name: String, val age: Int)

// 等价于
class Person constructor(val name: String, val age: Int)

// 使用
val person = Person("Alice", 25)

2.2 init 块

主构造函数不能包含代码，初始化逻辑放在 init 块中：

class Person(val name: String, val age: Int) {
    init {
        require(age >= 0) { "Age cannot be negative" }
        println("Person created: $name, $age")
    }

    // 属性也可以在声明时初始化
    val isAdult: Boolean = age >= 18
}

2.3 次构造函数

class Person(val name: String, val age: Int) {
    // 次构造函数必须委托给主构造函数
    constructor(name: String) : this(name, 0)

    constructor() : this("Unknown", 0)

    override fun toString(): String = "Person(name=$name, age=$age)"
}

Person("Alice", 25)  // 主构造
Person("Bob")        // 次构造，age=0
Person()             // 次构造，name="Unknown", age=0

2.4 私有主构造函数

class Singleton private constructor() {
    companion object {
        val instance: Singleton by lazy { Singleton() }
    }
}

3. 继承

Kotlin 中类默认是 final 的，必须使用 open 修饰才可被继承：

open class Animal(val name: String) {
    open fun sound() = "Some sound"

    fun description() = "Animal: $name"  // 不可重写（默认 final）
}

class Dog(name: String) : Animal(name) {
    override fun sound() = "Woof"
}

class Cat(name: String) : Animal(name) {
    override fun sound() = "Meow"
}

3.1 属性重写

open class Base {
    open val value: Int = 0
}

class Derived : Base() {
    override val value: Int = 42  // 重写属性
}

// 主构造函数中的属性也可以重写
class Derived2(override val value: Int) : Base()

3.2 调用父类实现

open class View {
    open fun draw() {
        println("Drawing view")
    }
}

class Button : View() {
    override fun draw() {
        super.draw()  // 调用父类实现
        println("Drawing button")
    }
}

4. 抽象类

abstract class Shape {
    abstract val area: Double          // 抽象属性
    abstract fun perimeter(): Double   // 抽象方法

    fun describe() = "Area: $area, Perimeter: ${perimeter()}"
}

class Circle(val radius: Double) : Shape() {
    override val area: Double = Math.PI * radius * radius
    override fun perimeter(): Double = 2 * Math.PI * radius
}

class Rectangle(val width: Double, val height: Double) : Shape() {
    override val area: Double = width * height
    override fun perimeter(): Double = 2 * (width + height)
}

5. 接口

Kotlin 接口可以包含抽象方法、具体方法和属性：

interface Clickable {
    fun click()                    // 抽象方法
    fun showOff() = "Clickable!"   // 带默认实现的方法
}

interface Focusable {
    fun setFocus(focused: Boolean)
    fun showOff() = "Focusable!"   // 同名默认实现
}

// 实现多个接口，解决冲突
class Button : Clickable, Focusable {
    override fun click() = println("Button clicked")
    override fun setFocus(focused: Boolean) = println("Focus: $focused")

    // 必须显式覆盖冲突的默认实现
    override fun showOff(): String {
        return super<Clickable>.showOff() + " & " + super<Focusable>.showOff()
    }
}

5.1 接口中的属性

interface Config {
    val host: String           // 抽象属性
    val port: Int              // 抽象属性
    val url: String            // 抽象属性
        get() = "$host:$port"  // 可提供默认 getter

    // val timeout: Int = 5000  // 编译错误：接口中不能有幕后字段
}

class ServerConfig(override val host: String, override val port: Int) : Config

6. 数据类

data class 自动生成 equals()、hashCode()、toString()、copy() 和 componentN() 函数：

data class User(val name: String, val age: Int, val email: String)

val user1 = User("Alice", 25, "alice@example.com")
val user2 = User("Alice", 25, "alice@example.com")

user1 == user2           // true（基于属性值比较）
user1.hashCode() == user2.hashCode()  // true
println(user1)           // User(name=Alice, age=25, email=alice@example.com)

// copy — 创建副本并修改部分属性
val user3 = user1.copy(age = 26, email = "new@example.com")

// 解构声明
val (name, age, email) = user1

6.1 数据类要求

  • 主构造函数必须至少有一个参数
  • 主构造函数参数必须标记为 val 或 var
  • 不能是 abstract、open、sealed 或 inner

7. 密封类

密封类限制类的继承层次，所有子类必须在同一文件中声明：

sealed class Result<out T> {
    data class Success<T>(val value: T) : Result<T>()
    data class Error(val message: String, val code: Int) : Result<Nothing>()
    object Loading : Result<Nothing>()
}

fun handleResult(result: Result<Int>) = when (result) {
    is Result.Success -> println("Success: ${result.value}")
    is Result.Error -> println("Error: ${result.message}")
    Result.Loading -> println("Loading...")
    // 不需要 else 分支 — 编译器确保覆盖所有子类
}

7.1 密封接口（Kotlin 1.5+）

sealed interface Action
sealed interface Readable : Action { val content: String }
sealed interface Writable : Action { fun write(text: String) }

data class ReadAction(override val content: String) : Readable
data class WriteAction(val buffer: StringBuilder) : Writable {
    override fun write(text: String) { buffer.append(text) }
}

8. 枚举类

enum class Direction {
    NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST
}

// 带属性的枚举
enum class Planet(val mass: Double, val radius: Double) {
    EARTH(5.97e24, 6371.0),
    MARS(6.42e23, 3390.0),
    JUPITER(1.90e27, 69911.0);

    val surfaceGravity: Double
        get() = 6.67e-11 * mass / (radius * radius * 1e6)

    fun surfaceWeight(mass: Double): Double = mass * surfaceGravity
}

// 枚举实现接口
enum class Format : Runnable {
    JSON {
        override fun run() = println("Formatting as JSON")
    },
    XML {
        override fun run() = println("Formatting as XML")
    }
}

8.1 枚举常用操作

Direction.values()             // [NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST]
Direction.valueOf("NORTH")     // NORTH
Direction.NORTH.name          // "NORTH"
Direction.NORTH.ordinal       // 0
Direction.entries              // Kotlin 1.9+，替代 values()

9. 伴生对象

Kotlin 没有 static 关键字，使用 companion object 替代：

class MyClass {
    companion object {
        const val CONSTANT = "Hello"
        private var instanceCount = 0

        fun create(): MyClass {
            instanceCount++
            return MyClass()
        }
    }
}

MyClass.CONSTANT     // 通过类名访问
MyClass.create()     // 调用伴生对象方法

9.1 伴生对象实现接口

interface Factory<T> {
    fun create(): T
}

class Product(val name: String) {
    companion object : Factory<Product> {
        override fun create(): Product = Product("Default")
    }
}

val product = Product.create()

9.2 伴生对象扩展

class Product(val name: String) {
    companion object
}

// 为伴生对象添加扩展函数
fun Product.Companion.fromJson(json: String): Product {
    return Product(json)
}

val product = Product.fromJson("{\"name\":\"Widget\"}")

10. 对象表达式与声明

10.1 对象表达式（匿名内部类）

// 替代 Java 匿名内部类
window.addMouseListener(object : MouseAdapter() {
    override fun mouseClicked(e: MouseEvent) {
        println("Clicked at ${e.point}")
    }
})

// 实现多个接口
val obj = object : Clickable, Focusable {
    override fun click() = println("Clicked")
    override fun setFocus(focused: Boolean) = println("Focus: $focused")
}

// 简单对象表达式（无继承）
val config = object {
    val host = "localhost"
    val port = 8080
}

10.2 对象声明（单例）

object Database {
    private val tables = mutableMapOf<String, String>()

    fun addTable(name: String, schema: String) {
        tables[name] = schema
    }

    fun getSchema(name: String): String? = tables[name]
}

Database.addTable("users", "id INT, name VARCHAR")
Database.getSchema("users")

10.3 嵌套对象

class Outer {
    object Nested {
        fun greet() = "Hello from Nested"
    }

    inner class Inner {
        // 可以访问 Outer 的成员
        fun greet() = "Hello from Inner"
    }
}

Outer.Nested.greet()   // 直接通过类名访问
Outer().Inner().greet()  // 需要外部类实例

11. 委托

11.1 类委托

interface Repository {
    fun findAll(): List<String>
}

class DefaultRepository : Repository {
    override fun findAll() = listOf("item1", "item2")
}

// 通过委托实现装饰器模式
class LoggingRepository(private val repo: Repository) : Repository by repo {
    override fun findAll(): List<String> {
        println("Finding all items...")
        return repo.findAll().also { println("Found ${it.size} items") }
    }
}

11.2 属性委托

import kotlin.properties.Delegates

class Config {
    // observable — 属性变化时回调
    var name: String by Delegates.observable("initial") { _, old, new ->
        println("Name changed from $old to $new")
    }

    // vetoable — 可否决属性变化
    var age: Int by Delegates.vetoable(0) { _, _, new ->
        new >= 0  // 只允许非负值
    }

    // lazy — 延迟初始化
    val heavyData: List<String> by lazy {
        println("Computing...")
        (1..1000).map { "Item $it" }
    }
}

11.3 自定义属性委托

import kotlin.reflect.KProperty

class Preference<T>(private val key: String, private val default: T) {
    private val prefs: Map<String, Any> = mutableMapOf()  // 简化示例

    operator fun getValue(thisRef: Any?, property: KProperty<*>): T {
        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
        return prefs[key] as? T ?: default
    }

    operator fun setValue(thisRef: Any?, property: KProperty<*>, value: T) {
        (prefs as MutableMap)[key] = value as Any
    }
}

class Settings {
    var theme: String by Preference("theme", "dark")
    var fontSize: Int by Preference("fontSize", 14)
}