复合句与从句

17 minAdvanced2026/6/14

英语复合句系统详解，涵盖名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句三大从句类型及其用法。

1. 复合句概述

复合句由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成。从句虽然有自己的主谓结构，但不能独立成句，必须依附于主句。

1.1 从句分类

类型	功能	相当于
名词性从句	充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语	一个名词
定语从句	修饰名词或代词	一个形容词
状语从句	修饰动词或整个句子	一个副词

2. 名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)

名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四种，其引导词相同：

引导词类型	引导词	功能
连接词	that, whether, if	只起连接作用，不充当成分
连接代词	who, whom, whose, what, which	起连接+代词作用
连接副词	when, where, why, how	起连接+副词作用

2.1 主语从句 (Subject Clause)

主语从句在复合句中充当主语：

That the earth is round is a fact. Whether she will come remains uncertain. What he said surprised everyone.

it 作形式主语：

结构	示例
It is + adj. + that	It is obvious that she is right.
It is + n. + that	It is a pity that he left.
It is + p.p. + that	It is reported that the economy is growing.
It + vi. + that	It seems that she is tired.

2.2 宾语从句 (Object Clause)

宾语从句在复合句中充当宾语：

I know that she is a programmer. She asked whether the code compiles. I wonder what he is doing.

宾语从句的时态呼应：

主句时态	从句时态	示例
现在时	任意时态	She says she is/was/will be busy.
过去时	过去某时态	She said she was/would be busy.
过去时	客观真理仍用现在时	He said the earth is round.

宾语从句的否定转移：

I don’t think she is right. = I think she is not right.

think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词的否定通常转移到主句。

2.3 表语从句 (Predicative Clause)

表语从句在复合句中充当表语：

The question is whether we should continue. That is what I want to say. The reason is that the system crashed.

注意： 表语从句中表原因时用 that，不用 because：

The reason is that he was ill. The reason is because he was ill.

2.4 同位语从句 (Appositive Clause)

同位语从句解释说明前面的名词：

The fact that she passed the exam delighted everyone. I have no idea when he will arrive. The question whether to go remains undecided.

同位语从句 vs. 定语从句：

区别	同位语从句	定语从句
that 的功能	连接词，不充当成分	关系代词，充当成分
that 可否省略	不可	宾语时可省
内容关系	解释名词内容	修饰名词特征

同位语从句：The news that he won is exciting. （他赢了的消息——解释 news 的内容）定语从句：The news that he told me is exciting. （他告诉我的消息——修饰 news 的特征）

3. 定语从句 (Attributive Clause)

3.1 关系词

类型	关系词	先行词	从句中充当	示例
关系代词	who	人	主/宾	The man who called you
	whom	人	宾	The man whom I met
	whose	人/物	定语	The man whose car was stolen
	which	物	主/宾	The book which I bought
	that	人/物	主/宾	The book that I bought
关系副词	when	时间	状语	The day when we met
	where	地点	状语	The place where we work
	why	原因	状语	The reason why she left

3.2 限制性定语从句 vs. 非限制性定语从句

区别	限制性	非限制性
标点	无逗号	有逗号
功能	必不可少的限定	补充说明
that	可用	不可用
省略	宾语可省	不可省

限制性：Students who work hard will succeed. （努力的学生会成功。）非限制性：My father**, who is 60**, still works. （我父亲，60岁了，仍在工作。）

3.3 只能用 that 的情况

情况	示例
先行词是 all, everything, nothing 等	Everything that exists takes up space.
先行词被最高级修饰	This is the best book that I’ve read.
先行词被序数词修饰	The first thing that I should do is study.
先行词被 the only, the very 修饰	She is the only person that understands.
先行词既有人又有物	The man and the horse that appeared

3.4 介词 + 关系代词

The house in which he lives is old. = The house which he lives in is old. The reason for which she left is unknown.

3.5 as 引导的定语从句

用法	示例
与 such/the same 连用	I have never seen such a man as he is.
非限制性定语从句	As is known to all, the earth is round.

4. 状语从句 (Adverbial Clause)

4.1 时间状语从句

引导词	含义	示例
when	当…时	When she arrived, we started.
while	在…期间	While she was reading, he was coding.
as	一边…一边 / 随着	As time passed, things changed.
before	在…之前	Think twice before you act.
after	在…之后	After she finished, she left.
since	自从	I have lived here since I was born.
until/till	直到	Wait until she returns.
as soon as	一…就	As soon as she arrived, we started.
hardly…when	刚…就	Hardly had she arrived when it rained.
no sooner…than	刚…就	No sooner had she left than it rained.

时态要点：

主句将来时 → 从句用现在时表将来：I’ll call you when I arrive.
since 从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时：I have lived here since I was born.

4.2 地点状语从句

引导词	示例
where	Where there is a will, there is a way.
wherever	Wherever you go, I’ll follow.

4.3 原因状语从句

引导词	含义	示例
because	因为（直接原因）	She stayed because she was ill.
since	既然（已知原因）	Since you’re here, let’s start.
as	由于	As it was late, we went home.
for	因为（补充说明）	It must be raining, for the ground is wet.

because vs. since vs. as vs. for：

区别	because	since/as	for
位置	主句前后均可	通常在主句前	只能在主句后
语气	最强	较弱	最弱
功能	回答 why	提供背景	补充说明

4.4 目的状语从句

引导词	示例
so that	She studied hard so that she could pass.
in order that	In order that everyone may hear, speak loudly.
for fear that	She locked the door for fear that someone might enter.

注意： 目的状语从句中常含情态动词 can/could/may/might/will/would。

4.5 结果状语从句

引导词	示例
so…that	She was so tired that she fell asleep.
such…that	It was such a good book that I read it twice.
so that	She studied hard, so that she passed.

so…that vs. such…that：

$\text{so} + \text{adj./adv.} + \text{that}$ $\text{such} + (a/an) + \text{adj.} + \text{n.} + \text{that}$

so beautiful a girl = such a beautiful girl

4.6 条件状语从句

引导词	含义	示例
if	如果	If it rains, I’ll stay home.
unless	除非 (= if not)	I won’t go unless you go.
provided/providing	假如	Provided you study, you’ll pass.
suppose/supposing	假设	Suppose it rains, what shall we do?
as long as	只要	As long as you try, you’ll succeed.
on condition that	条件是	I’ll go on condition that you go too.

时态要点： 主句将来时 → 从句用现在时表将来（主将从现）。

4.7 让步状语从句

引导词	示例
although/though	Although she was tired, she continued.
even though/even if	Even if it rains, I’ll go.
while	While I understand, I disagree.
as	Cold as it was, she went out.
whether…or	Whether you agree or not, I’ll do it.
no matter + wh-	No matter what happens, stay calm.

注意： although/though 不能与 but 连用，但可以与 yet/still 连用。

4.8 方式状语从句

引导词	示例
as	Do as I say.
as if/as though	She acts as if she were the boss.
the way	She cooks the way her mother did.

as if/as though 的虚拟语气：

与现在相反：She acts as if she were the boss. 与过去相反：She looks as if she had seen a ghost.

4.9 比较状语从句

结构	示例
as…as	She is as tall as her sister.
not so/as…as	He is not so tall as his brother.
比较级 + than	She is taller than her sister.
the + 比较级, the + 比较级	The harder you work, the luckier you get.

5. 从句综合运用

5.1 从句嵌套

英语中从句可以嵌套使用，形成复杂句式：

The fact **that the research **which was conducted last year **showed **that the drug is effective** has changed the policy.

分析：

主句：The fact has changed the policy.
同位语从句：that the research showed that the drug is effective
定语从句：which was conducted last year（修饰 research）
宾语从句：that the drug is effective（作 showed 的宾语）

5.2 从句选择要点

需要表达	选用从句
事物内容/事实	名词性从句 (that)
人/物的特征	定语从句 (who/which/that)
时间/条件/原因	状语从句 (when/if/because)
是否/选择	名词性从句 (whether)
疑问内容	名词性从句 (wh-词)