前置知识: 高等数学

函数与极限典型例题

14 minIntermediate2026/6/14

函数与极限15道典型例题:极限计算、等价无穷小、连续性判断等核心题型详解。

1. 利用等价无穷小求极限

例1:求 lim⁡x→0ex−1−xx2\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x - 1 - x}{x^2}

解:利用泰勒展开 ex=1+x+x22+o(x2)e^x = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2} + o(x^2)

lim⁡x→0ex−1−xx2=lim⁡x→0x22+o(x2)x2=12\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x - 1 - x}{x^2} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\frac{x^2}{2} + o(x^2)}{x^2} = \frac{1}{2}


例2:求 lim⁡x→0tan⁡x−sin⁡xx3\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\tan x - \sin x}{x^3}

解:

tan⁡x−sin⁡x=sin⁡x(1cos⁡x−1)=sin⁡x⋅1−cos⁡xcos⁡x\tan x - \sin x = \sin x\left(\frac{1}{\cos x} - 1\right) = \sin x \cdot \frac{1 - \cos x}{\cos x}

当 x→0x \to 0 时:sin⁡x∼x\sin x \sim x,1−cos⁡x∼x221 - \cos x \sim \frac{x^2}{2},cos⁡x→1\cos x \to 1

lim⁡x→0tan⁡x−sin⁡xx3=lim⁡x→0x⋅x22x3⋅1=12\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\tan x - \sin x}{x^3} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x \cdot \frac{x^2}{2}}{x^3 \cdot 1} = \frac{1}{2}

2. 洛必达法则应用

例3:求 lim⁡x→0x−sin⁡xx3\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x - \sin x}{x^3}

解:00\frac{0}{0} 型,使用洛必达法则:

lim⁡x→0x−sin⁡xx3=lim⁡x→01−cos⁡x3x2=lim⁡x→0sin⁡x6x=16\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x - \sin x}{x^3} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1 - \cos x}{3x^2} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{6x} = \frac{1}{6}


例4:求 lim⁡x→+∞xnex\lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{x^n}{e^x}(nn 为正整数)

解:连续使用洛必达法则 nn 次:

lim⁡x→+∞xnex=lim⁡x→+∞nxn−1ex=⋯=lim⁡x→+∞n!ex=0\lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{x^n}{e^x} = \lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{nx^{n-1}}{e^x} = \cdots = \lim_{x \to +\infty} \frac{n!}{e^x} = 0

结论:指数函数增长远快于幂函数。

3. 两个重要极限

例5:求 lim⁡x→0sin⁡5xtan⁡3x\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin 5x}{\tan 3x}

解:

lim⁡x→0sin⁡5xtan⁡3x=lim⁡x→0sin⁡5x5x⋅3xsin⁡3x⋅5x3x⋅cos⁡3x1=1⋅1⋅53⋅1=53\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin 5x}{\tan 3x} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin 5x}{5x} \cdot \frac{3x}{\sin 3x} \cdot \frac{5x}{3x} \cdot \frac{\cos 3x}{1} = 1 \cdot 1 \cdot \frac{5}{3} \cdot 1 = \frac{5}{3}


例6:求 lim⁡x→∞(x+1x−1)x\lim_{x \to \infty} \left(\frac{x+1}{x-1}\right)^x

解:

(x+1x−1)x=(1+2x−1)x=[(1+2x−1)x−12]2xx−1\left(\frac{x+1}{x-1}\right)^x = \left(1 + \frac{2}{x-1}\right)^x = \left[\left(1 + \frac{2}{x-1}\right)^{\frac{x-1}{2}}\right]^{\frac{2x}{x-1}}

当 x→∞x \to \infty 时,2xx−1→2\frac{2x}{x-1} \to 2,所以:

lim⁡x→∞(x+1x−1)x=e2\lim_{x \to \infty} \left(\frac{x+1}{x-1}\right)^x = e^2

4. 夹逼准则

例7:求 lim⁡n→∞(1n2+1+1n2+2+⋯+1n2+n)\lim_{n \to \infty} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+1}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+2}} + \cdots + \frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+n}}\right)

解:设 Sn=∑k=1n1n2+kS_n = \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{\sqrt{n^2+k}}

nn2+n≤Sn≤nn2+1\frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2+n}} \leq S_n \leq \frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2+1}}

lim⁡n→∞nn2+n=lim⁡n→∞11+1n=1\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2+n}} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{n}}} = 1

lim⁡n→∞nn2+1=lim⁡n→∞11+1n2=1\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n}{\sqrt{n^2+1}} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{n^2}}} = 1

由夹逼准则:lim⁡n→∞Sn=1\lim_{n \to \infty} S_n = 1

5. 函数连续性

例8:讨论 f(x)={x2sin⁡1xx≠00x=0f(x) = \begin{cases} x^2 \sin\frac{1}{x} & x \neq 0 \\ 0 & x = 0 \end{cases} 在 x=0x=0 处的连续性与可导性。

解:

连续性:lim⁡x→0x2sin⁡1x=0=f(0)\lim_{x \to 0} x^2 \sin\frac{1}{x} = 0 = f(0)(因为 ∣x2sin⁡1x∣≤x2→0|x^2 \sin\frac{1}{x}| \leq x^2 \to 0),故连续。

可导性:

f′(0)=lim⁡x→0f(x)−f(0)x−0=lim⁡x→0x2sin⁡1xx=lim⁡x→0xsin⁡1x=0f'(0) = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{f(x) - f(0)}{x-0} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^2 \sin\frac{1}{x}}{x} = \lim_{x \to 0} x \sin\frac{1}{x} = 0

故 f(x)f(x) 在 x=0x=0 处可导,f′(0)=0f'(0) = 0。


例9:设 f(x)={sin⁡2xxx<0ax=0x2+bx>0f(x) = \begin{cases} \frac{\sin 2x}{x} & x < 0 \\ a & x = 0 \\ x^2 + b & x > 0 \end{cases},求 a,ba, b 使 f(x)f(x) 在 x=0x=0 连续。

解:

lim⁡x→0−f(x)=lim⁡x→0−sin⁡2xx=2\lim_{x \to 0^-} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 0^-} \frac{\sin 2x}{x} = 2

lim⁡x→0+f(x)=lim⁡x→0+(x2+b)=b\lim_{x \to 0^+} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 0^+} (x^2 + b) = b

连续要求 lim⁡x→0−f(x)=lim⁡x→0+f(x)=f(0)\lim_{x \to 0^-} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 0^+} f(x) = f(0),即 b=a=2b = a = 2。

6. 间断点分类

例10:求 f(x)=x2−1x2−3x+2f(x) = \frac{x^2 - 1}{x^2 - 3x + 2} 的间断点并分类。

解:分母 x2−3x+2=(x−1)(x−2)=0x^2 - 3x + 2 = (x-1)(x-2) = 0,得 x=1x=1 或 x=2x=2。

在 x=1x=1 处:

lim⁡x→1x2−1(x−1)(x−2)=lim⁡x→1(x+1)(x−2)=2−1=−2\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x^2-1}{(x-1)(x-2)} = \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{(x+1)}{(x-2)} = \frac{2}{-1} = -2

极限存在但不等于函数值(函数无定义),故 x=1x=1 为可去间断点。

在 x=2x=2 处:

lim⁡x→2x2−1(x−1)(x−2)=lim⁡x→2x+1x−2\lim_{x \to 2} \frac{x^2-1}{(x-1)(x-2)} = \lim_{x \to 2} \frac{x+1}{x-2}

左极限 −∞-\infty,右极限 +∞+\infty,故 x=2x=2 为无穷间断点。

7. 综合题型

例11:已知 lim⁡x→0sin⁡6x+xf(x)x3=0\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin 6x + xf(x)}{x^3} = 0,求 lim⁡x→06+f(x)x2\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{6 + f(x)}{x^2}。

解:由条件 lim⁡x→0sin⁡6x+xf(x)x3=0\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin 6x + xf(x)}{x^3} = 0

sin⁡6x=6x−(6x)36+o(x3)=6x−36x3+o(x3)\sin 6x = 6x - \frac{(6x)^3}{6} + o(x^3) = 6x - 36x^3 + o(x^3)

sin⁡6x+xf(x)x3=6x−36x3+xf(x)+o(x3)x3=6+f(x)x2−36+o(1)\frac{\sin 6x + xf(x)}{x^3} = \frac{6x - 36x^3 + xf(x) + o(x^3)}{x^3} = \frac{6 + f(x)}{x^2} - 36 + o(1)

由极限为 0:lim⁡x→06+f(x)x2=36\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{6+f(x)}{x^2} = 36


例12:设 lim⁡x→∞(x2+1x+1−ax−b)=0\lim_{x \to \infty} \left(\frac{x^2+1}{x+1} - ax - b\right) = 0,求 a,ba, b。

解:

x2+1x+1−ax−b=x2+1−(ax+b)(x+1)x+1=(1−a)x2−(a+b)x+(1−b)x+1\frac{x^2+1}{x+1} - ax - b = \frac{x^2+1 - (ax+b)(x+1)}{x+1} = \frac{(1-a)x^2 - (a+b)x + (1-b)}{x+1}

极限为 0,要求分子最高次不超过分母,故:

1−a=0⇒a=11 - a = 0 \Rightarrow a = 1

a+b=0⇒b=−1a + b = 0 \Rightarrow b = -1

验证:0⋅x2−0⋅x+2x+1→0\frac{0 \cdot x^2 - 0 \cdot x + 2}{x+1} \to 0


例13:求 lim⁡x→0(1+tan⁡x1+sin⁡x)1sin⁡x\lim_{x \to 0} \left(\frac{1+\tan x}{1+\sin x}\right)^{\frac{1}{\sin x}}

解:取对数:

lim⁡x→0ln⁡(1+tan⁡x)−ln⁡(1+sin⁡x)sin⁡x\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(1+\tan x) - \ln(1+\sin x)}{\sin x}

=lim⁡x→0ln⁡(1+tan⁡x)sin⁡x−lim⁡x→0ln⁡(1+sin⁡x)sin⁡x= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(1+\tan x)}{\sin x} - \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\ln(1+\sin x)}{\sin x}

=lim⁡x→0tan⁡xsin⁡x−1=lim⁡x→01cos⁡x−1=0= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\tan x}{\sin x} - 1 = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{\cos x} - 1 = 0

故原极限 =e0=1= e^0 = 1。


例14:证明:lim⁡n→∞nn=1\lim_{n \to \infty} \sqrt[n]{n} = 1

证明:令 nn=1+hn\sqrt[n]{n} = 1 + h_n(hn>0h_n > 0),则:

n=(1+hn)n≥(n2)hn2=n(n−1)2hn2n = (1+h_n)^n \geq \binom{n}{2}h_n^2 = \frac{n(n-1)}{2}h_n^2

hn2≤2n−1⇒hn≤2n−1→0h_n^2 \leq \frac{2}{n-1} \Rightarrow h_n \leq \sqrt{\frac{2}{n-1}} \to 0

故 lim⁡n→∞nn=1\lim_{n \to \infty} \sqrt[n]{n} = 1。


例15:设 x1=2x_1 = \sqrt{2},xn+1=2+xnx_{n+1} = \sqrt{2 + x_n},证明 {xn}\{x_n\} 收敛并求极限。

解:

单调性:x1=2x_1 = \sqrt{2},x2=2+2>2=x1x_2 = \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} > \sqrt{2} = x_1。设 xn<xn+1x_n < x_{n+1},则 xn+1=2+xn<2+xn+1=xn+2x_{n+1} = \sqrt{2+x_n} < \sqrt{2+x_{n+1}} = x_{n+2},故单调递增。

有界性:x1=2<2x_1 = \sqrt{2} < 2。设 xn<2x_n < 2,则 xn+1=2+xn<4=2x_{n+1} = \sqrt{2+x_n} < \sqrt{4} = 2,故有上界 2。

由单调有界原理,{xn}\{x_n\} 收敛。设 lim⁡n→∞xn=L\lim_{n \to \infty} x_n = L,则:

L=2+L⇒L2=2+L⇒L2−L−2=0⇒L=2L = \sqrt{2+L} \Rightarrow L^2 = 2+L \Rightarrow L^2 - L - 2 = 0 \Rightarrow L = 2

(舍去 L=−1L = -1,因为 xn>0x_n > 0)